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Irabha yendalo iya ithandeka ngakumbi njengenye indlela evumelana ne-eco-friendly kukufuna ukuphila okuzinzileyo. Esi sixhobo se-biodegradable, esivela kwincindi ye-latex yemithi yerabha, ibonelela ngobutyebi beenzuzo zokusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa neerubha zokwenziwa, ezisekelwe kwipetroleum. Inkqubo yokuvuna, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-rubber tapping, yenzelwe ukuba igcineke, ivumela ukuqokelelwa kwencindi eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokwenza ingozi emithini. Iimveliso ezenziwe kwi-rubber yendalo, ezi
Irabha yendalo iba yinto efunwayo emva kokuba i-eco-friendly enye kwi-petroleum-based synthetic rubbers, ebonisa ukwanda kwemfuno yokuphila okuzinzileyo. Ngembali eyaqala ngo-1600 BC, irabha yendalo ivunwa ngendlela ezinzileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yirabha yokucofa, ethi icuthe umonakalo kwimithi yerabha. Izibonelelo zayo zokusingqongileyo zibandakanya ukufunyanwa ngokutsha, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngexesha lemveliso, kunye nokubola kwe-biodegradability, kuyenza ibe lukhetho oluthandway
Eli nqaku lisikhanyisela ngempembelelo yokusingqongileyo esoloko ingahoywa yamasimi erabha, nto leyo ebangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi ashinyeneyo. Igxininisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo ebalulekileyo yendalo, efana neBeng Per Wildlife Sanctuary eKhambodiya, njengoko umhlaba ucocwa ukuze uvelise irabha, ngokufuthi oko kuthwaxwa ziindleko zabemi boMthonyama. Imfuno ekhulayo yerabha, ngokukodwa ukuveliswa kwamatayara, yongezwa ngakumbi ngokunyuka kwezithuthi zombane, ezivame ukuguga amavil
Ngaba wakha wacinga ukuba irabha ingasindisa iplanethi? Fumana imveliso yerabha ezinzileyo namhlanje! Irabha yendalo ifumana ukutsaleka njengenye indlela ezinzileyo kwiirubha zokwenziwa, ezibhenela kubathengi abaqaphela i-eco-conscious kuyo yonke indawo. Ivunwe kwi-latex yemithi yerabha, le mathiriyeli i-biodegradable iqhayisa ngeenzuzo ezichukumisayo zokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okuncitshisiweyo kunye nokubanakho ukuphinda kusetyenziswe. Inkqubo yokuvuna ezinziley
Umthi werabha, ngokwenzululwazi owaziwa ngokuba yi-Hevea brasiliensis, ume ubude ukuya kutsho kwi-130 ezinyaweni kwaye ungaphila inkulungwane, uvelisa incindi ye-latex exabisekileyo evunwa irabha xa umthi umalunga neminyaka emithandathu ubudala. Ekuqaleni uvela kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAmazon eMzantsi Melika, lo mthi womelele ukhula kumahlathi afumileyo nakwiindawo eziphazamisekileyo, kwaye ufumene indlela yokulinywa kuwo wonke uMzantsi-mpuma weAsia naseNtshona Afrika. Ngokwembali, impucuko
Ngasekupheleni kwe-2009, uBen Fodor wanikela nge-persona ye-Phoenix Jones, i-superhero yokwenene e-Seattle, eqhutywa yimfuneko yengubo ekhethekileyo yokuzahlula kwizigebengu. Iinzame zakhe zakwangoko zokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho azizange ziphumelele, nto leyo eyabalaseliswa yintlekele ngompu owakhokelela ekubeni aphangwe. Nangona kunjalo, engatyhafiswanga zezi mpazamo zakuqala, ekugqibeleni wafumana impumelelo ngokumisa umntu oxhwila isipaji, ephawula umzuzu obalulekileyo kuhambo lwakhe lokupha
Ngaba ukhe wacinga ngokuwola umthi? Isenokuvakala iyinto engaqhelekanga, kodwa kukho into enomtsalane ngokungathandabuzekiyo malunga nokunxibelelana nendalo ngendlela ethe ngqo ngolo hlobo. Ngoku, khawufane ucinge ukuhambisa kwaloo moya mnye wonxibelelwano ngokutsalwa kwerabha yendalo! Le nkqubo ayikuvumeli kuphela ukuba ubandakanyeke nokusingqongileyo kodwa ikwabonelela ngenye indlela ezinzileyo kwizinto zokwenziwa. Ngokungena kwincindi yemithi yerabha, awuvuni nje ubutyebi; uthatha inxaxheb
Ukukhutshwa kweerubha zendalo kuphakamisa umbuzo othakazelisayo: ngaba ngummangaliso oluhlaza okanye ukungcola okunamathelayo? Ithathwe kwincindi yemithi ye-Hevea brasiliensis, le elastomer yahlukileyo, eyaziwa ngokwesayensi njenge-caoutchouc, yahlukile kwezinye iindlela zokwenziwa ezifana ne-EPDM kunye ne-silicone. Inkqubo yokucofa, equka ukusika kwixolo lomthi ukuze kuqokelelwe ilatex, ngumxube wobugcisa nenzululwazi. Emva kokunyangwa nge-ammonia kunye ne-asidi ukunqanda ukujiya, i-latex ig
Xa ukhetha iimveliso zasekhaya, ukuqonda imvelaphi yazo kunye nemathiriyeli kubalulekile, ngakumbi iipads ezinokuthi zingonakalise imigangatho ukuba awenziwanga kakuhle. I-rubber yendalo, ephuma kwi-latex yemithi yerabha, imele ngokungafaniyo nerubha yokwenziwa, eyenziwe ngumntu. Irabha yendalo yaziwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu okuqina kunye nokunwebeka, iyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana namathoyizi, amatayara, kunye neeglavu zotyando, ngelixa irabha eyenziweyo igqwesa
Ngaba ukulungele ukuntywila kwi-Diethyl Ether Synthesis? Joyina ulonwabo! I-Diethyl ether, okanye i-ethoxyethane, yinto enomdla ephilayo ekhoyo ukususela ngo-1540, xa uValerius Cordus wayibiza ngokuthi "ioli emnandi ye-vitriol." Olu lwelo lungenambala, lunokutsha kakhulu, lunevumba elimnandi, elimnandi, aluyonto nje yamandulo; inosetyenziso olusebenzayo namhlanje, ukusuka ekubeni sisinyibilikisi kwiilabhoratri ukuya kulwelo oluqalisa iinjini. Kodwa nantsi i-twist: inokusetyenziswa g
Vula iimfihlo zeDiethyl Ether Synthesis namhlanje! Ngaba ukulungele ukuntywila kwihlabathi elinomdla le-ether synthesis? Masityhile iimfihlelo emva kokudala ii-ethers ezilinganayo, ngakumbi i-diethyl ether, nge-asidi-catalyzed dehydration yotywala bokuqala njenge-ethanol. Umfanekiso woku: ukufudumeza i-ethanol kwindawo epholileyo ye-130-140 °C, apho umlingo wenzeka khona njengoko iqela le-hydroxyl lifumana iprotonated, lenza i-asidi ye-conjugate edanisa ngokusabela kwe-SN2 ukuvelisa i-ether
Ngaba unomdla malunga ne-diethyl ether synthesis? Kulula kunokuba ucinga! I-Diethyl ether, isinyibilikisi esisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi, isoloko ixoxwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo, kodwa masingakuhoyi ukutsha kwayo kunye nomngcipheko wokwenza iiperoxides eziqhumayo. Kumaqonga afana neBhodi yeeNgxoxo zeSayensi, abasebenzisi bantywila kwiindlela zokudibanisa i-diethyl ether kwi-ethanol kunye ne-sulfuric acid, ukujongana nemingeni kunye nezivuno eziphantsi ezibandakanyekayo. Ukhuseleko lubaluleke ka
"I-Diethyl Ether Synthesis: Indlela emfutshane yakho kwiMpumelelo yeMichiza!" Sesona sikhokelo sakho sokugqibela sobuchule be-ether synthesis, ngakumbi i-diethyl ether, ilitye lembombo kwi-organic chemistry. Esi sikhokelo sintywila kwiindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokudibanisa kunye nokucoca i-diethyl ether, eyenzelwe iikhemisti ezisafundayo ezinomdla wokuphonononga ilizwe le-organic synthesis. Iqala nge-classic sulfuric acid-catalyzed dehydration ye-ethanol, indlela ethi, ngelixa ib
Ngokuqinisekileyo! Nantsi isishwankathelo esifutshane esisekelwe kulwazi olunikiweyo: Kwisiqendu seCrash Course Organic Chemistry sigxile kutywala, ii-ethers, kunye neepoxides, ingxelo iqala ngokuthelekisa imbono yemihla ngemihla yotywala njengesiselo kunye nendima yayo ebalulekileyo kwi-organic chemistry njengekhompawundi eguquguqukayo. Ijonga indlela utywala obusebenza ngayo njengesiseko sokwakha iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, kubandakanya i-ethers kunye neepoxides. Isiqendu
I-Esterification yindlela yokusabela kweekhemikhali apho ii-alcohols kunye ne-carboxylic acids zidibana khona ukuze zenze ii-esters, iikhompawundi ezibalulekileyo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa amayeza kunye neziqholo. Le nkqubo ihlala isebenzisa i-Fischer esterification, apho ubukho be-agent ekhupha amanzi kunceda ukusabela. I-Esters, ezaziwa ngamavumba azo amnandi eziqhamo, ziguquguquka ngakumbi kunee-carboxylic acids zabazali bazo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibonakale lula ngobuchule o
I-Esterification yinkqubo ekhangayo yeekhemikhali apho utywala buphendula kunye ne-carboxylic acid ukuvelisa i-ester kunye namanzi. Le mpendulo ifuna i-asidi catalyst, efana ne-asidi ye-sulfuric, kwaye ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi abalulekileyo, kuquka ukubunjwa kwe-cation kunye nokususwa kwamanzi. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa ii-esters, kubandakanywa ukusabela kwe-asidi yekloridi kunye ne-alcohols, i-asidi ye-anhydrides ene-alcohols, kunye nokusabela ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwe
Eli nqaku lijonge kwihlabathi elinomdla leester kwiibhiya ezimuncu, ligxininisa indima yazo ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni amavumba amnandi kunye nencasa. Ii-Esters, eziziikhompawundi ezinobunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli ezenziwe ngokusabela kweeasidi kunye neealkoholi, zininzi kwiibhiya ezimuncu ngenxa yokuxinana okuphezulu kwawo omabini amacandelo akhoyo ngexesha lokubiliswa. Ukuveliswa kwezi zixhobo ezithandekayo kuchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-yeast metabolism, ngokukodwa ngesenzo se-enzyme ye-Alcohol
Ukonwabela ukutya luhambo olonwabisayo olwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, njengoko ezinye zingcamla iincasa ezithile ngelixa ezinye zinokuzifumana zingathandeki kangako. Olu tshintsho luvela kunxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwencasa, ivumba, ukuthungwa, umbala, kunye nobushushu, zonke ezidibanayo ukuchaza "incasa" yokutya. Ezona mvakalelo zintlanu zokungcamla—uswiti, ukrakra, umuncu, umtyuba neumami—zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kula mava, yaye iumami ibigqalwa njengeyesihlanu i
I-Esterification yindlela ebangela umdla yokusabela kweekhemikhali apho ii-alcohols kunye neeasidi zidibana khona ukuze zenze ii-esters, ngokuqhelekileyo ii-esters ze-carboxylic, ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Fischer esterification. Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womdaniso apho iqela le-hydroxyl (OH) le-carboxylic acid lithi lizibekele bucala ukuze lenze indawo yeqela le-alkoxy (R′O) etywaleni, yonke into iphantsi kweliso le-asidi eyomeleleyo ye-asidi eqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ihamba kakuhle
Eli nqaku lihlalutya ingcamango yegesi yendalo "evuselelekayo", iphikisa ukuba i-methane, efana negesi yendalo eqhelekileyo, kwaye ayinikezeli isisombululo esisebenzayo samandla acocekileyo. Iqaqambisa ukuba iinkampani zamafutha efosili zikhuthaza le gesi njengendlela yokugcina iingeniso zazo ngelixa ziqhubeka nokuba negalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu nakwimiba yempilo yoluntu. Ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegesi yendalo "evuselelekayo" kunokunyusa ungcoliseko lomoya kway
Ingxelo ejikeleze irhasi yendalo "njengefuthe lenguqu" kumlo ochasene nokutshintsha kwemozulu iya icela umngeni, kunye neengcali ezifana noDean Cooper ovela kwiWWF egxininisa ubume bayo balahlekisayo. Ingxelo yamvanje ye-IPCC igxininisa ukungxamiseka kwenyathelo elikhawulezileyo lokunciphisa ubushushu behlabathi bube yi-1.5°C, ibalaselisa ukuba akukho sithuba sokuphononongwa ngakumbi kwefosili. Nangona ishishini lamafutha efosili linandipha inzuzo erekhodiweyo, imbono yokuba irhasi
Eli nqaku ligocagoca kwikrele elintlangothi-mbini lokuveliswa kwerhasi yendalo ye-shale, libuza ukuba ingaba yinzuzo na okanye intlekele kuqoqosho lwengingqi. Ngobuchule bokuqhekeka komhlaba njengokugrumba okuthe tyaba kunye nokuqhekeka, i-US ibone ukwanda okumangalisayo koovimba begesi yendalo. Abameli baphikisa ukuba le mpembelelo yamandla inokuxhasa ingqesho yendawo kwaye ivuselele iimeko zoqoqosho, ngelixa abantu abathandabuzayo bephakamisa i-alamu malunga nemiphumo emibi enokubakho kumac
Irhasi yendalo yindawo yamandla kumhlaba wamandla, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bamakhaya namashishini angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-83 kuMntla Melika. Abukho nje ukufudumala ebusika okanye isidlo esishushu; Irhasi yendalo ifana nokhuseleko, ukufikeleleka, kunye nokuthembeka. Khawucinge ngeengokuhlwa ezipholileyo kunye namatyala aphantsi asetyenziswayo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni-kuvakala kulungile, akunjalo? Ihanjiswa ngothungelwano olubanzi lwemibhobho engaphantsi komhla
Irhasi yendalo iya iqondwa njengomthombo wamandla otshintshayo obalulekileyo ekufudukeni kumafutha efosili ayingozi ngakumbi njengamalahle ne-oyile, ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokutshisa ezicocekileyo kunye nokuthembeka. I-United States, njengomvelisi okhokelayo, inegalelo eliphantse libe yi-25% yobonelelo lwehlabathi, kunye namazwe amakhulu emveliso aquka iTexas, iPennsylvania, neLouisiana. Nangona ibubutyebi obunesiphelo, irhasi yendalo ibalulekile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla, ibalelwa kwi-
Ingxelo yabucala: Ubumfihlo bakho bubaluleke kakhulu kuthi. Inkampani yethu ithembisa ukungazivezi iinkcukacha zakho kuye nakuphi na iimvume zakho.
Gcwalisa ulwazi oluthe kratya ukuze unxibelelane nawe ngokukhawuleza
Ingxelo yabucala: Ubumfihlo bakho bubaluleke kakhulu kuthi. Inkampani yethu ithembisa ukungazivezi iinkcukacha zakho kuye nakuphi na iimvume zakho.